The theory has been put forward that Cellular Phones are to blame as a number of studies in Germany showed that 70% of bees will not return to a hive if a cellular phone is close to the hive, the initial article reporting the cellular phone connection incorrectly reported the study which actually place base stations from cordless phone sets into the colonies, cellular phones were not used in this study. This small scale study indicated that the electromagnetics from the mobile transmitters are interfering with the bee's sensitive navigational ability.
"Roughly a third of the U.S. diet is pollinated by honey bees, making their approximate economic value $15 billion in the U.S."
A couple of problems with this cordless phone transmission / bee interference hypothesis: A) Why did this problem occur only within the past year as cordless phones have been used for many years. B) Why has the CCD problem only seriously affecting North America and Europe?
The cordless phone base experiments that indicate interference with bees ability to return to the hive is useful evidence but this in and of itself does not prove their theory. However, we may be able to ascertain from this that some mode of radio transmissions may be affecting the bees, but it would only be transmissions which are located within North America and Europe and the transmissions must be something new within the past year.
The HAARP complex (High-frequency Active Auroral Research Project) is a congressionally initiated program jointly managed by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. HAARP is situated within a 23-acre lot in a relatively isolated region near the town of Gakona, Alaska. It consists of 180 towers, 72 feet in height, forming a "high-power, high frequency phased array radio transmitter" capable of beaming in the 2.5-10 megahertz frequency range, at more than 3 megawatts of power (3 million watts). This array is the most powerful in the world and is used in conjunction with at least one other powerful array in Alaska - HIPAS [HIgh Power Auroral Stimulation] used to steer the HAARP signal.
A few of the Military applications of HAARP as disclosed by the military include but are not limited to: submarine communication, long-range ground penetration radar and over the horizon radar.
In 1997 HAARP was used for transmission testing to see how far the signals would travel, this was long before the array was at full power, the results of amateur radio reception of the HAARP signal showed excellent reception down the west coast of British Columbia, Canada to California, the Midwest was weaker with Texas somewhat stronger than the Midwest due to "favorable propagation paths". The East Coast received weak signals with patchy reception due to the signal having to travel through the auroral zone (this is the region we typically see the north lights or aurora at night time)
In Europe the signal was weak but enough to copy the Morse code due to reflection from ionosphere patches within the polar auroral circle, this allowed the people in Europe to get a better signal than those on the East coast of the U.S. Hawaii picked up one of the strongest receptions and New Zealand couldn't get the signal as they were still in the sunlight and the conditions do not allow the signal to propagate into sunlight regions.
"The HAARP transmitter is limited to frequencies below 10 Mhz. Frequencies in this range are affected by absorption in the D layer of the ionosphere which disappears at night. Conversely, ionization in the reflective F layer would be expected to be high for several hours after sunset permitting skywave propagation (bouncing signals off high altitude ionosphere layers for long distance reception) at the 6.99 Mhz frequency."
The test concluded that HAARP High Frequency transmissions can be detected in Canada, U.S. and Europe. It just so happens that the mysterious CCD problem seems to be taking place within the same region!
HAARP transitioned just prior to the Summer of 2006 to full power from 960 kW (kilowatts) to 3.6 mW (megawatts) which is an increase of almost 4 times the output and the technology was moved from DARPA control to full joint U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force operation as of Fiscal Year 2006.
CCD by most accounts began in the summer of 2006, some reports suggest that it may have been occurring in a limited scale for the previous few years. This corresponds with HAARP going to full power in 2006 and transmitting at 27% power output prior to this.
Considering HAARP is not only used for High Frequency (HF) military and intelligence signal transmission but also Low Frequency (LF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) transmission for Submarine communications and the ability for the array to heat a region of the ionosphere producing a denser region to bounce even higher frequency signals back to earth which would normally penetrate the ionosphere. Finding the precise cause for interference with bees' navigational ability from the operational frequency spectrum of HAARP may be difficult.
There could also be another factor HAARP is also able to stimulate the ionosphere to trigger faint optical emissions at specific wavelengths to produce artificial airglow at high altitude. Initially these tests involved producing this airglow bubble above HAARP but they discovered with testing that they could direct the airglow to follow the magnetic lines of the Earth.
These HAARP triggered airglow wavelengths fall within the range of Bee's visual spectrum. Evidence suggests that bees probably use their wide visual spectrum to lock onto the sun to allow them to find their way back to the hive and communicate to other worker bees how to get to locations they just came from, it was thought that ultraviolet emissions from the sun were primary positioning system for the bees as it penetrates cloud cover. However, tests on bees many years ago Edrich, Neumeyer & von Helversen (1979) and van der Glas (1977) have shown that the longer Infrared wavelengths also influence the bees orientation.
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